A. Study this
example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn't have his key now.
Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.
Has he lost his key? (present perfect)
No, he hasn't. He has found it.
Did he lose his key? (past simple)
Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)
The present perfect is a present tense. It
always tells us something about now.
'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have
his key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple tells us only about the past.
If somebody says 'Tom lost his key',
we don't know
whether he has it now or
not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the
past.
Two more examples:
* Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it
off. (so he doesn't have a beard
now)
* They went out after lunch and they've just
come back. (so they are back now)
example, things that happened a long time ago):
* The Chinese invented printing. (not 'have
invented')
* How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not
'has Shakespeare written')
* Beethoven was a great composer. (not 'has
been')
Compare:
* Shakespeare wrote many plays.
* My sister is a writer. She has written many
books. (she still writes books)
C. We use the present perfect to give new
information (see Unit 7). But if
we continue to talk about it, we normally use
the past simple:
* A: Ow! I've burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not 'have you done')
A: I picked up a hot dish. (not 'have
picked')
* A: Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the
carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (not
'hasn't been ... haven't done')
A: I wonder who it was then. (not 'who it has
been')
13.1 What has happened in these situations?
1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a
beard. He has shaved off his beard.
2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Mow she's
in bed. She ---
3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is
only 17. The temperature ---
4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody
---
5. The tree was only three metres high. Now
it is four. The tree ---
6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes
ago. Now it is in the air.
The plane ---
13.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct
form, present perfect or past simple.
1. 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've
lost it.' (lose)
2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed
and went to sleep. (be)
3. Mary --- to Australia for a while but she's
back again now. (go)
4. 'Where's Ken?' 'He --- out. He'll be back
in about an hour.' (go)
5. I did German at school but I --- most of
it. (forget)
6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I
--- (forget)
7. I --- a headache earlier but I feel fine
now. (have)
8. Look! There's an ambulance over there.
There --- an accident. (be)
9. They're still building the new road. They
--- it. (not/finish)
10. 'Is Helen still here?' 'No, she --- out.'
(just/go)
11. The police --- three people but later
they let them go. (arrest)
12. Ann --- me her address but I'm afraid I
--- it. (give, lose)
13. Where's my bike? It --- outside the
house. It --- (be, disappear)
14. What do you think of my English? Do you
think I ---? (improve)
13.3 Are the underlined parts of these
sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones
that are wrong.
1. Do you know about Sue? _She's given up_
her job. RIGHT
2. The Chinese _have invented_ printing.
WRONG: The Chinese invented
3. How many plays _has Shakespeare written?_
---
4. _Have you read_ any of Shakespeare's
plays? ---
5. Aristotle _has been_ a Greek philosopher.
---
6. Ow! _I've cut_ my finger. It's bleeding. ---
7. My grandparents _have got_ married in London. ---
8. Where _have you been born?_ ---
9. Mary isn't at home. _She's gone shopping._
---
10. Albert Einstein has been the scientist
who _has developed_ the theory of
relativity. ---
13.4 (Section C) Put the verb into the most
suitable form, present perfect or past
simple.
1. A: Look! Somebody has split (spill) coffee
on the carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't (not/be) me. I didn't do
(not/do) it.
2. A: Ben --- (break) his leg.
B: Really? How --- (that/happen)?
A: He --- (fall) off a ladder.
3. A: Your hair looks nice. --- (you/have) a
haircut?
B: Yes.
A: Who --- (cut) it? --- (you/go) to the
hairdresser?
B: No, a
friend of mine --- (do) it for me.
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