English Parts of Speech Fully Explain In PDF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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All Tenses Table Present, Past, Future Tenses In PDF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Learn English in 30 Days PDF

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Past Tenses, Past continuous tense

Past tense

Structure of past simple 
Structure of past continuous
 

Here is how to form the past simple tense in English.

Structure of past simple
positive	negative	question
I arrived yesterday. You arrived yesterday. He/she/it arrived. We arrived. They arrived.	I didn't (did not) arrive. You didn't (did not) arrive. He/she/it didn't arrive. We didn't arrive. They didn't arrive.	Did I arrive yesterday? Did you arrive? Did he/she/it arrive? Did we arrive? Did they arrive?

Past simple - common mistakes
Common mistakes	Correct version	Why?
I was work in London.	I worked in London.	In positive sentences, a helping verb such as 'was' or 'did' is not used.
He worked in London?	Did he work in London?	The helping verb 'did' is used in past simple questions.
Worked he in London?	Did he work in London?	The helping verb 'did' is used in past simple questions.
Did he wrote a letter?	Did he write a letter?	The main verb is used in the infinitive form in questions and negatives.
He didn't wrote a letter.	He didn't write a letter.	The main verb is used in the infinitive form in questions and negatives.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous tense is also sometimes called the past progressive.

Here is how to form the past continuous in English.

Structure of past continuous
positive	negative	question
I was reading a book. He/she was talking. It was raining.	I wasn't (was not) reading. He/she wasn't talking.  It wasn't raining.	Was I reading? Was he/she talking? Was it raining?
You were reading a book. We were waiting. They were drinking.	You weren't (were not) reading. We weren't talking. They weren't drinking.	Were you reading? Were we waiting? Were they drinking?

Past continuous - common mistakes
Common mistakes	Correct version	Why?
I waiting for him almost two hours.	I was waiting for him almost two hours.	To form the past continuous we use was/were + ing.
What did he doing when you saw him?	What was he doing when you saw him?
We were playing tennis every morning.	We played tennis every morning.	We use the past simple for repeated actions in the past.
They watched TV when I came.	They were watching TV when I came.	We use the past continuous when we want to say what was happening (what was in progress) at a particular time in the past.

Present Tenses, Present continuous tense

A list of all English tenses, including:

- the structure of each tense
- explanations of usage
- examples of common errors and how to avoid making them.

Present tenses

• Structure of present simple
• Structure of present continuous

How to form the present simple tense in English.

Structure of present simple
positive	negative	question
I work in a bank. You work in a bank. We work in a bank. They work in a bank.	I don't (do not) work. You don't (do not) work. We don't (do not) work. They don't (do not) work.	Do I work in a bank? Do you work in a bank? Do we work in a bank? Do they work in a bank?
He works in a bank. She works in a bank. The bank opens at 9 o'clock.	He doesn't (does not) work. She doesn't (does not) work. It doesn't (does not) open at 9 o'clock.	Does he work? Does she work? Does it open at 9 o'clock?

Present simple - common mistakes
Common mistakes	Correct version	Why?
I working in London.	I work in London.	The gerund ing form is not used in the present simple.
He work in London.	He works in London.	The third person he, she, it adds the letter s.
He work in London?	Does he work in London?	Questions - third person: does + subject + infinitive. All other persons: do + subject + infinitive.
Work he in London?	Does he work in London?
He not work in London.	He doesn't work in London.	Negatives - third person: subject + doesn't + infinitive. All other persons: subject + don't + infinitive.

The present continuous tense is sometimes called the present progressive.

Here is how to form the present continuous tense in English.

Structure of present continuous
positive	negative	question
I'm (I am) reading a book.   You're (you are) reading.  We're (we are) reading.  They're (they are) reading.	I'm (I am) not reading. You're (you are) not reading. We're (we are) not reading. They're (they are) not reading.	Am I reading? Are you reading? Are we reading? Are they reading?
He's (he is) reading a book. She's (she is) reading a book. It's (it is) raining.	He's not / he isn't (he is not) reading. She's not / she isn't (she is not) reading. It's not / it isn't (it is not) raining.	Is he reading? Is she reading? Is it raining?

Present continuous - common mistakes
Common mistakes	Correct version	Why?
They still waiting for you.	They are still waiting for you.	to form a continuous tense we use be + -ing.
They are still waiting for you?	Are they still waiting for you?	In questions the subject (they) and the auxiliary verb (be) change places.
Do they still waiting for you?	Are they still waiting for you?
Where they are waiting for you?	Where are they waiting for you?
She doesn't watching TV.	She isn't watching TV.	To form the negative we put not after the verb be (am not, is not = isn't, are not = aren't).
I'm believing you.	I believe you.	Some verbs are not used in continuous tenses - these are called stative verbs (e.g. believe, come from, cost, depend, exist, feel, hate, like).

Business letter writing phrases

Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely; Dear Sir or Dear Mr

On this page we look at important phrases for writing letters and emails, such as when to use Yours faithfully and Yours sincerely, Dear Sir, Dear Madam, and so forth.

You know how important it is to speak good English in an international working environment. If you work for a company which does business abroad, you probably read and write a lot of English, too. Writing, like speaking, is communication. When writing letters and emails we need the skills to be able to express ourselves well and with the correct level of formality.

Do you have that skill? Ask yourself these questions:

• Do you present yourself in a professional manner when you write?
• What image do you give to the people who read your letters and emails?

 

In short, you want to give a professional image when you write to your customers and business partners. To get you started, we’ve prepared some lists of standard phrases:

10 good opening lines

We need an opening line in a business letter or professional email:

to make reference to previous correspondence; to say how we found the recipient’s name/address; to say why we are writing to the recipient.

• With reference to your letter of 8 June, I … .
• I am writing to enquire about … .
• After having seen your advertisement in … , I would like … .
• After having received your address from … , I … .
• I received your address from … and would like … .
• We/I recently wrote to you about … .
• Thank you for your letter of 8 May.
• Thank you for your letter regarding … .
• Thank you for your letter/e-mail about … .
• In reply to your letter of 8 May, … .

 

10 good closing lines

 

We need a closing line in a business letter or email: to make a reference to a future event; to repeat an apology; to offer help

• If you require any further information, feel free to contact me.
• I look forward to your reply.
• I look forward to hearing from you.
• I look forward to seeing you.
• Please advise as necessary.
• We look forward to a successful working relationship in the future.
• Should you need any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
• Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.
• We hope that we may continue to rely on your valued custom.
• I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter.

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‘Yours faithfully’ or ‘Yours sincerely’ in a business letter?

When the recipient’s name is unknown to you:

• Dear Sir … Yours faithfully
• Dear Madam … Yours faithfully
• Dear Sir or Madam … Yours faithfully

 

When you know the recipient’s name:

• Dear Mr Hanson … Yours sincerely
• Dear Mrs Hanson … Yours sincerely
• Dear Miss Hanson … Yours sincerely
• Dear Ms Hanson … Yours sincerely

 

When addressing a good friend or colleague:

• Dear Jack … Best wishes/Best regards

 

Addressing whole departments:

• Dear Sirs … Yours faithfully

Introduction to English Lesson Plan

Welcome to the exciting world of “Learning to Speak English Fluently.”

Studies show that in most languages, native-speakers tend to use less than 3,000 unique words on a daily basis.  Then why is learning a second language such an overwhelming task?

First, the written target language may use new characters if not an entirely new character set.  Characters are put together to form new, unique and often unfamiliar sounds, even new pitches and inflections.  For each word currently used in your native language, you must memorize the equivalent word in your target language.  Then you must learn rules for putting words together to form complete sentences of meaning, sentence structure.  Then the grammar with its inherent rules and exceptions.  Lastly, there’s comprehension, listening and understanding at normal conversation speed.

It’s no wonder that so many people fail to learn a second language.  Broken down to its components, the challenge is overwhelming if not insurmountable.  Many language institutes, books, websites and other agencies claim they can teach you to be fluent in English in a matter of days, even offering 100% money back guarantee.  How is this possible?

Here is how…It’s numbers game.  These institutes are not interested in helping you achieve fluency in English language.  Frankly, they don’t care.  They are interested in your money.  They are betting that when you eventually fail, you blame yourself for lacking the intelligence to succeed and feel too ashamed to jump through all the hoops required to get your money back.  This is just like Slimming Canters claiming you can easily lose weight, get in shape, and have that body you’ve always dreamed of.  Yes, you can become fluent in English language, but there are no shortcuts.  It’s not easy and it can’t be done in a matter of days.  It takes years of dedication, discipline and a lot of hard work.

The problem with false claims is that they undermine the confidence of capable people who would be successful if they understood the time and dedication involved.  Instead, they fail as a result of unrealistic expectations.

CAREERCAMPUS does not make unrealistic claims like: “Learn English in 10 days!” CAREERCAMPUS takes a realistic approach to learning English; it’s going to take a lot of hard work and time… There is no magic potion that will make you fluent in English overnight.

If you are new to English, CAREERCAMPUS is ideal to help you learn the basics and build it to an intermediate level.  If you are visiting a region where English is widely spoken, CAREERCAMPUS is a resource to help you quickly and easily learn to Converse with the locals.  And if you already know some English, CAREERCAMPUS will help you consolidate and update your language Skill.

CAREERCAMPUS’s approach to learning is fundamentally different from traditional language teaching methods.  CAREERCAMPUS claims that you can become conversational in English in half the time it would take you through traditional self-study methods.

CAREERCAMPUS simplifies the language learning process by prioritizing the various components of learning and focusing your study efforts on the areas of greatest importance.

It sounds logical but surprisingly most language courses have it backwards.  Traditional Self-study methods view ability to speak – communicate and listen – understand as the end goal.  So they focus on all the rudimentary aspects of language learning such as spelling, punctuation, grammar and vocabulary and sentence structure.  Their thinking is that these basics are the building blocks, which eventually lead to fluent conversation and comprehension.

CAREERCAMPUS’s approach is quite different.  It focuses first and foremost on conversation and comprehension, and over time you eventually learn the lesser important components.

CAREERCAMPUS focuses on:

      Learning to speak and communicate your thoughts and needs. (CONVERSATION)

      Learning to listen and understand, when Someone Speaks to you (COMPREHENSION)

When you focus on learning to converse and comprehend, you become a fluent speaker much quicker.  As any multi-lingual person will tell you, the best way to learn a language is to use it.  In other words, once you learn to converse, even the slightest bit, it becomes self-reinforcing.  Like a snowball effect, the more you use the language, the more you learn and the easier it becomes.

Traditional language courses take a Bottom Up approach.  They teach you the nuts and bolts first, then leave you on your own to figure on your own to figure out the nuances of conversation and comprehension.  Why do they do this?

They claim that the components are building blocks and must be taught to serve as the foundation.  Wrong! The real reason is because these aspects of language learning are tangible and easily definable.  Therefore, the creation of self-study material is easy, the lessons easily defined and grasped.

The CAREERCAMPUS approach is Top-Down, meaning you first tackle the most important aspects of language learning, conversation and comprehension.  Then, over time, you will learn all of the lesser important components such as spelling, vocabulary and grammar naturally.

Thinks about it… If you learn the English alphabet, you will not naturally learn how to speak it.  When you learn English grammar or sentence structure, you will not naturally understand it when it’s spoken to you.

However, when you focus on learning to speak English, then yes, you will eventually understand sentence structure and grammar.  And when you focus on learning to understand English when it’s spoken to you, then yes, you will in fact learn the alphabet, pronunciation and vocabulary.

When you study the big picture, you eventually learn all the smaller picture items as a mere by product of learning the main topic.  Downstream components of language learning can be learned effectively as a much-welcomed consequence of focusing exclusively on learning to Converse and Comprehend.

CAREERCAMPUS’s “Speak Fluent English (SFE)” is best suited for teenagers and adults seeking effective instructor-led guidance, assisting them with learning to converse in English.  CAREERCAMPUS’s “SFE” is for people who have limited time to devote to studying and want to maximize the impact of their study efforts.  In other words, highly motivated and self-disciplined people can learn to talk, listen and verbally communicate in English with native speakers.

The CAREERCAMPUS study method comprises three essential areas of focus.

Memorize Phrases – Rather than focusing on vocabulary or direct word-to-word translations, it’s much more effective to focus on phrase-to-phrase translations.  Why?  First, an individual word, like “cape”, can have drastically different meanings.  On the other hand, a phrase such as “hand me my cape” conveys a single message.  Phrases have single meanings and can be tangibly easily translated between languages.

Also, it typically takes the same amount of brainpower to memorize a phrase as it does for a word, memorizing phrases.  You can also use a phrase immediately; it’s already packaged and ready for use whereas words require an additional level of knowledge and know-how before being useful.

And don’t forget hierarchy, when you focus on memorizing phrases, you will naturally over time learn the meaning of individual words.  You will also learn sentence structure and grammar.  You will pick up these aspects as a by product of memorizing phrases.

Pronunciation – It is critical to listen to and repeat phrases as often as possible.  You need to immerse yourself in the sound of the language.  Like listening to a song over and over until you can sing it in the same key, tone and pitch… essentially mimicking the singer.

To native English speakers, listening is passive.  So if your pronunciation is incorrect, you force the listener to try extra hard to engage in listening to you.  You’ll be asked to repeat yourself over and over.  This is tiresome for both parties; eventually you get bored and frustrated and give up.

Pronunciation works both ways.  Not only do you need to emulate the sounds like mimicking a singer, but you also need to listen to it often enough so that you can hear a phrase, a set of closely grouped words spoken at normal conversation speed, and instantly grasp its meaning.  You don’t have time to pick out each word and translate its meaning word; you need to focus on picking out phrases, and understanding the meaning of an entire phrase instantaneously.

However, you will also need to discern the words form a phrase in the event they change. For example, assume you know the phrase “how old are you?” very well.  You’ve listened to it a thousand times, so when you hear it, you don’t even pay attention to the individual words, rather, you hear the entire phrase and recognize it as one concept, on e meaning.  But if the speaker says, “how old is your son?” you’ll instantly be able to recognize that it is the same phrase asking about age, but you need to be able to pick out the new word introduced - “son”.

Conversation: Practice, Practice, Practice… Though you’ll have a limited set of phrases in the beginning, use them as often as possible.

If you are a perfectionist, put those tendencies aside.  Don’t worry about making mistakes, don’t worry if you don’t understand 100% of what is being said, make guesses, take risks, keep pushing forward In your effect to learn the English language no matter how funny or stupid you may sound.  Learn how to say “can you repeat that please?” I don’t understand” Learn how to say, “What do you mean?”

The key is to immerse yourself in the English language and use it as often as possible in order to build up your skills of speaking it and listening to it, understanding and comprehending it… which after all, should be the reason you want to learn the language and the focus of your studies.

The CAREERCAMPUS SEE Classroom is the ultimate environment allowing you to learn to converse in English and comprehend, and to gain fluency in the language, effectively in a very short time.

Tag Questions with the Present Simple

Present simple be and other verbs (be careful :‘I am’→ ‘aren’t I’ but‘I’ m not’→ ‘am I’).  Add the tag question:

    1.   She’s from as mall to win China, ________________?

    2.   They aren’t on their way already, ________________?

    3.   We’re late again, ________________?

    4.   I’m not the person with the tickets, ________________?

    5.   Julie isn’t an accountant, ________________?

    6.   The weather is really bad today, ________________?

    7.   He’s very hand some, ________________?

    8.   They aren’t in Mumbai at the moment, ________________?

    9.   You aren’t from Brazil, ________________?

    10. John’s a very good student, ________________?

    11. I like chocolate very much, ________________?

    12. She doesn’t work in a hotel, ________________?

    13. They need some new clothes, ________________?

    14. We live in at any flat, ________________?

    15. She studies very hard every night, ________________?

    16. Davidand Julie don’t take Chinese classes, ________________?

    17. I often come home late, ________________?

    18. You don’t like spicy food, ________________?

    19. She doesn’t cook very often, ________________?

    20. We don’t watch much TV, ________________?

Answers:

     1.   She’s from as mall town in China, isn’t she?

     2.   They aren’t on their way already, are they?

     3.   We’re late a gain, aren’t we?

     4.   I’m not the person with the tickets, am I?

     5.   Julie isn’t an accountant, is she?

     6.   The weather is really bad today,isn’t it?

     7.   He’s very hand some, isn’t he?

     8.   They aren’t in Beijing at the moment, are they?

     9.   You aren’t from Paris, aren’t you?

     10. John’s a very good student, isn’ the?

     11. I like chocolate very much, don’t I?

     12. She doesn’t work in a hotel, does she?

     13. They need some new clothes, don’t they?

     14. We live in a tiny flat, don’t we?

     15. She studies very hard every night, doesn’t she?

     16. Davidand Julie don’t take Chinese classes, do they?

     17. I often come home late,don’t I?

     18. You don’t like spicy food, do you?

     19. She doesn’t cook very often, does she?

     20. We don’t watch much TV, down?

Articles in English

First the good news:There are only three articles in English: a, an and the. 

There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and 'an' or definite 'the'. You also need to know when not to use an article. 

The bad news is that their proper use is complex, especially when you get into the advanced use of English. Quite often you have to work it out by what sounds right, which can be frustrating for a learner.

---

 

Indefinite articles - a and an (determiners)

A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with.

A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before:-

For example:

"I saw an elephant this morning." "I ate a banana for lunch."

A and an are also used when talking about your profession:-

For example:

"I am an English teacher." "I am a builder.

Note!

You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel". You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u). Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling.  If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we use an. We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity". So, "a university" IS correct. We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our". So, "an hour" IS correct. (Lots of people get this wrong - including native speakers.)

You use the when you know that the listener knows or can work out what particular person/thing you are talking about.

For example:

"The apple you ate was rotten." "Did you lock the car?"

You should also use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.

For example

"She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen."

We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe.

For example:

the North Pole, the equator

We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas

For example:

the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel

We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing.

For example

the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc..

However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you should use a/an.

For example:

"I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing." "What are your plans for the future?" / "She has a promising future ahead of her."

The is also used to say that a particular person or thing being mentioned is the best, most famous, etc. In this use, 'the' is usually given strong pronunciation: 

For example:

"Harry's Bar is the place to go." "You don't mean you met the Tony Blair, do you?"

!Note - The doesn't mean all:- 

For example:

"The books are expensive." = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm talking about.) "Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)

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No article

We usually use no article to talk about things in general:-

Inflation is rising. People are worried about rising crime. (Note! People generally, so no article)

You do not use an article when talking about sports.

For example:

My son plays football. Tennis is expensive.

You do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about them generally.

For example:

Information is important to any organisation. Coffee is bad for you.

You do not use an article before the names of countries except where they indicate multiple areas or contain the words (state(s), kindom, republic, union). Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.

For example:

No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England Use the - the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States of America), the Irish Republic Multiple areas! the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isle.